Durham rule a definition of criminal responsibility from a federal appeals court case, Durham vs. United States, holding that “an accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect.”In 1972 the same court reversed itself and adopted the American Law Institute Formulation.
Rules allow you to move, flag, and respond to email messages automatically. You can also use rules to play sounds, move messages to folders, or display new item alerts.
The easiest and most common rule to create is one that allows you to move an item from a certain sender or with certain words in the subject line to another folder. You can create this rule directly from a message you've already received.
- Right-click a message in your inbox or another email folder and select Rules.
- Select one of the options. Outlook automatically suggests creating a rule based on the sender and the recipients. To view more options, select Create Rule.
- In the Create Rule dialog box, select one or more of the first three checkboxes.
- In the Do the following section, if you want the rule to move a message to a folder, check the Move item to folder box, then select the folder from the Select Folder dialog that pops up, and then click OK.
- Click OK to save your rule.Note: If you want to run the rule on messages you've already received, check the box on the confirmation dialog that pops up and then click OK.
Create a rule using the Rules Wizard
There are three types of rules you can create with the Rules Wizard.
- Stay organized: These rules help you filter, file, and follow-up with messages.
- Stay up to date: These rules notify you when you receive a message that fits a specific set of criteria.
- Custom rules: These are rules you create without a template.
Rules are almost infinitely customizable. There are a variety of options you can set for each type of rule you create. Use the following steps to learn how to create a rule using the Rules Wizard.
Step 1Step 2Step 3Step 4Step 5
- Select File > Manage Rules & Alerts to open the Rules and Alerts dialog box.
- On the Email Rules tab, select New Rule.
- Select one of the templates from Step 1. To start from a blank rule, select Apply rule on messages I receive or Apply rule on messages I send.
- In the Step 2: Edit the rule description box, click on any underlined options to set them. For example, if you selected Flag messages from someone for follow-up in Step 1, click people or public group to select which senders' messages you want to flag, then click follow up at this time to select a flag and a follow up date.
- Click Next.
On the second page of the Rules Wizard, you can add additional conditions to your rule. For example, you can select messages sent from a specific person that also have specific words in the subject or message body.
- In the Step 1: Select condition(s) box, any condition you set on the previous screen is checked. You can select multiple additional conditions by checking their checkboxes.
- In the Step 2: Edit the rule description box, click on any additional underlined conditions you just added. Then click Next.
On the third page of the Rules Wizard, you can select additional actions to take on the message. For example, you can flag messages for follow up and mark a message as high importance.
- In the Step 1: Select condition(s) box, any action you set on the first screen is checked. You can select multiple additional actions by checking their checkboxes.
- In the Step 2: Edit the rule description box, click on any additional underlined actions you just added. Then click Next.
On the fourth page of the Rules Wizard, you can add any exceptions to your rule. For example, you can check except if it is marked as importance to ensure that any messages marked with a specific importance level aren't flagged for follow up.
- In the Step 1: Select condition(s) box, select any exceptions to your rule by checking their checkboxes.
- In the Step 2: Edit the rule description box, click on any additional underlined exceptions you just added. Then click Next.
- On the last page of the Rules Wizard, enter a name for your rule.
- If you want to run this rule on messages you've already received, check Run this rule now on messages already in 'Inbox.'
- By default, Turn on this rule is checked. You can uncheck this box if you don't want the rule to be turned on at this time.
- Click Finish to save and turn on your rule.
Delete a rule
You can delete a rule when it's no longer necessary.
- On the File tab, choose Manage Rules & Alerts.
- In the Rules and Alerts dialog box, on the E-mail Rules tab, choose the rule you want to delete.
- Choose Delete > OK.
Run rules manually
You can manually run one or more rules.
- On the File tab, choose Manage Rules & Alerts, and on the E-mail Rules tab, choose Run Rules Now.
- In the Run Rules Now box, under Select rules to run, select the check box for each rule that you want to run.
- In the Run in Folder box, to select a different folder, choose Browse, choose the folder, and then choose OK.Select the Include subfolders check box to include all folders under the folder you chose in step 3.
- In the Apply rules to list, accept the default setting of all messages, or change to read or unread messages.
- Choose Run Now.
Server-based rules vs. client-only rules
There are two types of rules in Outlook—server-based and client-only.
- Server-based rules
When you're using a Microsoft Exchange Server account, some rules are server-based. These rules run on your mailbox on the Exchange mail server even when Outlook isn’t running.Server-based rules must apply to messages when they are first delivered to your Inbox, and the rules must be able to run until they are completed on the server. For example, a rule that specifies that a message be printed can’t run until it is completed on the server. If a rule can’t be applied on the server, it is applied when you start Outlook and then becomes a client-only rule. - Client-only rules
Client-only rules are rules that run only on your computer. These are rules that run in Outlook instead of on the Exchange server. Client-only rules can only run when Outlook is running.
Tip: If your list of rules contains both kinds of rules, the server-based rules are applied first, followed by the client-only rules.
Apply rules to other Outlook items
Delivery receipts, voting responses, and Automatic Replies
When rules are applied, delivery receipts, read receipts, voting responses, and Automatic Replies (Out of Office notifications) are processed as if they're messages. A rule that moves messages with the word 'meeting' in the Subject box to a specific folder, for example, also moves all delivery receipts, voting responses, or an Automatic Replies to that same folder.
Note: When a rule moves voting responses from the Inbox to another folder, vote tracking is affected. When a sent message that included a voting button is opened, the tracking information won’t include a tally for responses that a rule moved. Manually moving or deleting a response doesn’t affect tracking.
Meeting requests, task requests, and documents
Meeting requests, task requests, and documents are considered messages. If you create a rule that moves an item to a specific folder based on certain conditions (criteria) being met (matched), then any meeting and task request matching those conditions also is moved. Be aware, however, of the following limitations when you create rules that affect these kinds of items:
- If an item is moved to a folder other than a mail folder, the item might not work as expected after it's moved. For example, if a message is moved to the Calendar folder, a new appointment isn’t created.
- If a meeting or task response is moved to the Deleted Items folder by using a rule, the response isn’t tracked by the original item.
- If a meeting request is automatically moved to the Deleted Items folder, the meeting isn’t added to the Calendar.
- Rules that affect messages that you send aren’t applied to task requests and meeting requests.
Contact Groups
A rule that includes a Contact Group can behave differently than other rules depending on how the rule is created.
- Move messages sent to a public group to a folder
This rule is available only if you're using an Exchange Server account. Only messages that are sent to the Contact Group are moved to the specified folder. Messages from people who are members of the Contact Group aren’t moved to the specified folder.
A variety of rulers
A 2 m (6 ft63⁄4in) carpenter's rule
Retractable flexible rule or tape measure
A closeup of a steel rule
A ruler, sometimes called a rule or line gauge, is a device used in geometry and technical drawing, as well as the engineering and construction industries, to measure or draw straight lines.[1]
Types[edit]
Gilded bronze ruler. 1 chi = 23.1 cm (9.1 in). Western Han (206 BCE – 8 CE). Hanzhong City, China
Bronze ruler. Han dynasty, 206 BCE – 220 CE. Excavated in Zichang County, China
Rulers have long been made from different materials and in multiple sizes. Some are wooden. Plastics have also been used since they were invented; they can be molded with length markings instead of being scribed. Metal is used for more durable rulers for use in the workshop; sometimes a metal edge is embedded into a wooden desk ruler to preserve the edge when used for straight-line cutting. 12 in or 30 cm in length is useful for a ruler to be kept on a desk to help in drawing. Shorter rulers are convenient for keeping in a pocket.[2] Longer rulers, e.g., 18 in (46 cm) are necessary in some cases. Rigid wooden or plastic yardsticks, 1 yard long, and meter sticks, 1 meter long, are also used. Classically, long measuring rods were used for larger projects, now superseded by tape measure, surveyor's wheel or laser rangefinders.
Desk rulers are used for three main purposes: to measure, to aid in drawing straight lines and as a straight guide for cutting and scoring with a blade. Practical rulers have distance markings along their edges.
A line gauge is a type of ruler used in the printing industry. These may be made from a variety of materials, typically metal or clear plastic. Units of measurement on a basic line gauge usually include inches, agate, picas, and points. More detailed line gauges may contain sample widths of lines, samples of common type in several point sizes, etc.
Measuring instruments similar in function to rulers are made portable by folding (carpenter's folding rule) or retracting into a coil (metal tape measure) when not in use. When extended for use, they are straight, like a ruler. The illustrations on this page show a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) carpenter's rule, which folds down to a length of 25 cm (10 in) to easily fit in a pocket, and a 5 m (16 ft) tape, which retracts into a small housing.
A flexible length measuring instrument which is not necessarily straight in use is the tailor's fabric tape measure, a length of tape calibrated in inches and centimeters. It is used to measure around a solid body, e.g., a person's waist measurement, as well as linear measurement, e.g., inside leg. It is rolled up when not in use, taking up little space.
A contraction rule is made having larger divisions than standard measures to allow for shrinkage of a metal casting. They may also be known as a shrinkage or shrink rule.[3]
A ruler software program can be used to measure pixels on a computer screen or mobile phone. These programs are also known as screen rulers.
Ruler applications in geometry[edit]
In geometry, a ruler without any marks on it (a straightedge) may be used only for drawing straight lines between points. A straightedge is also used to help draw accurate graphs and tables.
A ruler and compass construction refers to constructions using an unmarked ruler and a compass. It is possible to bisect an angle into two equal parts with ruler and compass. It can be proved, though, that it is impossible to divide an angle into three equal parts using only a compass and straightedge — the problem of angle trisection. However, should two marks be allowed on the ruler, the problem becomes solvable.
History[edit]
A wooden carpenter's rule and other tools found on board the 16th century carrackMary Rose
In the history of measurement many distance units have been used which were based on human body parts such as the cubit, hand and foot and these units varied in length by era and location.[4] In the late 18th century the metric system came into use and has been adopted to varying degrees in almost all countries in the world. The oldest preserved measuring rod is a copper-alloy bar that dates from c. 2650 BCE and was found by the German Assyriologist Eckhard Unger while excavating at Nippur. Rulers made of Ivory were in use by the Indus Valley Civilization period prior to 1500 BCE.[5] Excavations at Lothal (2400 BCE) have yielded one such ruler calibrated to about 1⁄16 inch (1.6 mm).[5] Ian Whitelaw holds that the Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into units corresponding to 1.32 inches (33.5 mm) and these are marked out in decimal subdivisions with amazing accuracy, to within 0.005 inches (0.13 mm). Ancient bricks found throughout the region have dimensions that correspond to these units.[6]
Anton Ullrich invented the folding ruler in 1851. Frank Hunt later made the flexible ruler in 1902.[7]
Curved and flexible rulers[edit]
The equivalent of a ruler for drawing or reproducing a smooth curve, where it takes the form of a rigid template, is known as a French curve. A flexible device which can be bent to the desired shape is known as a flat spline, or (in its more modern incarnation) a flexible curve. Historically, a flexible lead rule used by masons that could be bent to the curves of a molding was known as a lesbian rule.[8]
Philosophy[edit]
Ludwig Wittgenstein famously used rulers as an example in his discussion of language games in the Philosophical Investigations. He pointed out that the standard meter bar in Paris was the criterion against which all other rulers were determined to be one meter long, but that there was no analytical way to demonstrate that the standard meter bar itself was one meter long. It could only be asserted as one meter as part of a language game.
See also[edit]
- Scales:
- metric scale and
- Technical drawing tool – Tools and instruments used for accurate and precise manual draughting
References[edit]
- ^'ruler noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes - Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com'. www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- ^'Steel Rule Has Pocket Clip For Use As A Depth Gauge', Popular Science, December 1935, p. 887 bottom right.
- ^Contraction ruleArchived 2013-12-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
- ^Klein, Herbert A. The science of measurement: a historical survey. Reprint, unabridged, corr. republ. der Ausg. New York, Simon & Schuster, 1974. ed. New York, NY: Dover, 1988. Print.
- ^ abWhitelaw, p. 14.
- ^Whitelaw, p. 15.
- ^'Flexible Ruler Invented by Frank G. Hunt'. National Museum of National History. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
- ^'lesbian, adj. and n.'. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)(subscription required)
Bibliography[edit]
- Cherry, Dan. 'Collector's guide to rules', Furniture & Cabinetmaking, no. 259, July 2017, ISSN 1365-4292, pp. 52–6
- Rees, Jane and Mark (2010). The Rule Book: Measuring for the Trades. Lakeville, MN: Astragal Press ISBN978-1-931626-26-2OCLC907853704
- Russell, David R.; with photography by James Austin and foreword by David Linley (2010). Antique Woodworking Tools: Their Craftsmanship from the Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century, Cambridge: John AdamsonISBN978-1-898565-05-5OCLC727125586, pp. 64–74
- Whitelaw, Ian (2007). A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man and Measurement. Macmillan ISBN0-312-37026-1OCLC938084552
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